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1.
Acta ortop. bras ; 17(5): 269-272, 2009. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-531715

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: As propriedades mecânicas (PM) consistem num instrumento de aplicabilidade clínica para profissionais de saúde que atuam no sistema músculo-esquelético. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar dois protocolos de estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (NMES) na potencialização do restabelecimento das PM no complexo músculo-tendíneo após imobilização segmentar de ratas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 50 animais distribuídos em: Controle (GC, n=10); Imobilizado (GI, n=10); Imobilizado e remobilizado livre (GIL, n=10), Imobilizado e NMES uma vez ao dia (GIE1, n=10) e Imobilizado e NMES duas vezes ao dia (GIE2, n=10). A imobilização foi realizada por 14 dias. O GIL foi liberado posteriormente por 10 dias. A NMES foi aplicada pós-imobilização por 10 dias, GIE1 aplicado pela manhã (10 minutos) e, GIE2 aplicado pela manhã e à tarde (totalizando 20 minutos). Posteriormente, o músculo gastrocnêmio foi submetido ao ensaio mecânico de tração sendo as PM de rigidez, resiliência, carga e o alongamento no limite máximo avaliadas. RESULTADOS: A imobilização reduziu os valores das propriedades de carga e rigidez (p<0,05). A NMES utilizada duas vezes ao dia determinou resultados menos satisfatórios das PM avaliadas que àqueles obtidos uma vez ao dia e no grupo remobilizado (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O músculo gastrocnênio tornou-se estruturalmente mais organizado frente à aplicação unitária da NMES e na remobilização.


INTRODUCTION: Mechanical properties (MP) are clinically applicable tools for healthcare professionals working on the musculoskeletal system. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate two protocols of neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES) to improve MP regeneration of the myotendinous complex after segment immobilization in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty animals were equally distributed into five groups: Control (CG, n=10); Immobilized (IG, n=10); Immobilized and freely remobilized (IFG, n=10); Immobilized and NMES once /day (IEG1, n=10); Immobilized and MNES twice/day (IEG2, n=10). Immobilization was kept for 14 days, and remobilization was subsequently released for 10 days. NMES was applied for 10 days, post-immobilization, every morning for 10 minutes to IEG1 animals and every morning and afternoon (total 20 minutes) to the IEG2 group. After these procedures, the gastrocnemius muscle was submitted to the mechanical traction assay to evaluate stiffness, resilience, load and stretching at maximum limit MPs. RESULTS: Immobilization reduced the MP values concerning load and stiffness (p<0.05). Results for NMES applied twice a day were less satisfactory than the ones obtained with one application or in the remobilized group (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the gastrocnemius muscle became structurally better organized through a single NMES application and by remobilization.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Electric Stimulation Therapy , Hindlimb Suspension/methods , Muscle, Skeletal , Hindlimb/injuries , Electric Stimulation , Immobilization , Rats, Wistar , Traction/methods
2.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 14(5): 408-411, set.-out. 2008. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-496448

ABSTRACT

Longos períodos de imobilização conduzem à perda óssea e de propriedades do osso, e sua recuperação depende de vários fatores; além disso, a imobilização pode causar ulcerações no tecido cartilaginoso articular devido a alterações como perda de proteoglicanas, de massa e volume totais da cartilagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar alterações histológicas, do tecido ósseo periarticular e da cartilagem articular, provocadas pela imobilização e remobilização de membros posteriores de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 12 ratos Wistar, divididos em dois grupos: GI - (n = 6): 15 dias com o membro posterior esquerdo imobilizado em plantiflexão, sendo o membro direito o controle; GR - (n = 6): período de 15 dias de remobilização livre na gaiola, associado a três séries diárias de alongamento do músculo sóleo esquerdo por 30 segundos. Foram avaliados no tecido ósseo as medidas de espessura do osso cortical, diâmetro do canal medular e número de osteócitos; no tecido cartilaginoso, foram mensurados a espessura média da cartilagem e o número de condrócitos. Como resultado, observou-se que para GI não houve alterações significativas na espessura do osso (p = 0,1156) nem no diâmetro do canal medular (p = 0,5698), mas diminuição significativa dos osteócitos em relação ao contralateral (p = 0,0005); em GR também houve decréscimo no número de osteócitos (p = 0,0001), mas as diferenças na espessura (p = 0,1343) e diâmetro do canal medular (p = 0,6456) mantiveram-se não significantes. Para os dados de cartilagem articular não houve diferenças significativas para as amostras, tanto na espessura da cartilagem para GI (p = 0,6640) e GR (p = 0,1633), quanto no número de condrócitos em GI (p = 0,9429) e GR (p = 0,1634). Conclui-se que duas semanas de imobilização e remobilização produziram apenas diminuição significativa no número de osteócitos nos ratos imobilizados; esse número continuou a diminuir mesmo nos animais remobilizados.


Long immobilization periods lead to bone and properties loss, and its recovery depends on many factors. Besides that, immobilization can cause ulcerations in the articular cartilage tissue due to alterations, such as loss of proteoglycans and total cartilage mass and volume. The aim of this study was to verify histological alterations of the periarticular bone tissue and articular cartilage caused by immobilization as well as remobilization of hinder limbs of Wistar rats. Twelve Wistar rats were divided in two groups: GI - (n=6): 15 days with the left hinder limb immobilized at plantiflexion, with the right limb being the control; GR - (n=6): used a 15 day-period of free remobilization in the cage, associated with 3 daily stretching bouts of the left soleus muscle for 30 seconds. The measures of the cortical bone thickness, diameter of the medular channel and number of condrocites were evaluated; in the cartilage tissue, the cartilage mean thickness and the number of condrocites were measured. The results showed that for GI there were no significant alterations in the bone thickness (p=0.1156), nor in the medular channel diameter (p=0.5698), but there was significant decrease of the osteocytes compared with the counter-lateral side (p=0.0005); in GR decrease in the number of osteocytes (p=0.0001) was also observed, but the differences in thickness (p=0.1343) and medular channel diameter (p=0.6456) remained non-significant. There were no significant differences for the articular cartilage data for the samples, neither in the cartilage thickness for GI (p=0.6640) and GR (p=0.1633); concerning the number of condrocites in GI (p=0.9429) and GR (p=0.1634). It is concluded hence that two weeks of immobilization and remobilization produced only significant decrease in the number of osteocytes in the immobilized rats and continued to decrease even in the remobilized animals.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Bone Density/physiology , Hindlimb Suspension/adverse effects , Hindlimb Suspension/methods , Immobilization/adverse effects , Muscle Stretching Exercises , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Osteoporosis/metabolism , Rats, Wistar
3.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 59(2): 363-370, abr. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-455747

ABSTRACT

Trinta e quatro ratos foram alocados em quatro grupos experimentais: sem imobilização (G1), com imobilização do joelho direito por 45 dias (G2), com imobilização e remobilização com atividade livre por cinco semanas (G3), imobilização e remobilização com atividade livre e natação por cinco semanas (G4). A imobilização interferiu negativamente na marcha e amplitude articular e o G4 apresentou melhor evolução na marcha nos cinco primeiros dias, em relação ao G3. Após esse período, a evolução foi similar. Os componentes do G2 apresentaram rigidez articular, não observada em G3 e G4. Histologicamente, a imobilização promoveu aumento da espessura da cápsula articular, evidenciada pela presença do tecido conjuntivo fibroso que substituiu o tecido adiposo no G2, mas em menor proporção em G3 e G4. A imobilização determinou perda de proteoglicanos da matriz cartilaginosa, aumento do número de condrócitos, dispostos de forma irregular, aumento da espessura da cartilagem calcificada, irregularidade da superfície articular, proliferação de tecido conjuntivo no espaço intra-articular e aumento da espessura do osso subcondral. O G3 apresentou maior número de alterações na cartilagem e osso subcondral, quando comparado com G4. A imobilização degenerou as células sinoviais, indicando diminuição da produção de fluido sinovial e do suprimento nutricional à cartilagem. Tanto a atividade livre quanto sua associação com a natação favoreceram o retorno das condições biomecânicas e da cápsula articular, anteriores à imobilização.


Thirty-four rats were randomly allocated into one of four experimental groups: without immobilization (G1), immobilization of the right knee joint for 45 days (G2), immobilization and remobilization with free activity for 5 weeks (G3), and immobilization and remobilization with free activity and swimming program for 5 weeks (G4). The immobilization was prejudicial to march and flexibility articular. Animals from G4 showed a better march evolution on the first five days as compared to those from G3. After that periods, march evolution were similar in both G3 and G4. Animals from G2 showed rigid joint while in those from G3 and G4 the articular movement was close to normal. The histological analysis pointed out that immobilization led to increase in articular capsule thickness evidenced by the presence of fibrous connective tissue replacing adipose tissue in G2, but proportionally less in G3 and G4. It was observed that immobilization determined loss of proteoglycans from the cartilaginous matrix, increase in the number of regularly arranged condrocytes, increase in calcified cartilage thickness, irregularity in the articular surface, proliferation of connective tissue in the intra-articular space and increase in subchondral bone thickness. The animals from G3 showed a greater number of alterations in both articular cartilage and subchondral bone, as compared to those from G4. Immobilization degenerated synovial cells indicating decreased synovial fluid production and reduced nutritional supplying to the cartilage. The free cage activity and its association with swimming influenced positively the return of biomechanics and articular capsule morphologic conditions to those before immobilization.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Knee Joint/physiology , Joints/anatomy & histology , Hindlimb Suspension/adverse effects , Hindlimb Suspension/methods , Immobilization/adverse effects , Immobilization/methods , Rats
4.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 39(7): 979-985, July 2006. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-431570

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to propose an orthosis of light material that would be functional for the animal and that would maintain only the ankle joint immobilized. Male Wistar rats (3 to 4 months old, 250-300 g) were divided into 2 groups (N = 6): control and immobilized for 7 days. Rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg weight) and the left hindlimb was immobilized with the orthoses composed of acrylic resin model, abdominal belt and lateral supports. The following analyses were performed: glycogen content of the soleus, extensor digitorum longus, white gastrocnemius, red gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles by the phenol sulfuric method, and the weight, fiber area and intramuscular connective tissue of the soleus by the planimetric system. Data were analyzed statistically by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student t and Wilcoxon tests. Immobilization decreased glycogen in all muscles (P < 0.05; soleus: 31.6 percent, white gastrocnemius: 56.6 percent, red gastrocnemius: 39 percent, extensor digitorum longus: 41.7 percent, tibialis anterior: 45.2 percent) in addition to reducing soleus weight by 34 percent (P < 0.05). Furthermore, immobilization promoted reduction of the fiber area (43 percent, P < 0.05) and increased the connective tissue (200 percent, P < 0.05). The orthosis model was efficient comparing with another alternative immobilization model, like plaster casts, in promoting skeletal muscle alterations, indicating that it could be used as a new model in other studies related to muscle disuse.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Acrylic Resins , Hindlimb Suspension/methods , Orthotic Devices , Tarsal Joints , Glycogen/analogs & derivatives , Hindlimb Suspension/instrumentation , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Rats, Wistar
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